{"id":3950,"date":"2021-02-24T13:09:03","date_gmt":"2021-02-24T21:09:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.marinrcd.org\/?page_id=3950"},"modified":"2021-04-12T19:16:24","modified_gmt":"2021-04-13T02:16:24","slug":"stream-crossings","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.marinrcd.org\/programs\/home2\/stream-crossings\/","title":{"rendered":"Stream Crossings"},"content":{"rendered":"[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.9.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_image=&#8221;https:\/\/www.marinrcd.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Panoramic-roads-cover-image-cropped-scaled.jpg&#8221; background_size=&#8221;contain&#8221; min_height=&#8221;100px&#8221; height=&#8221;163px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;-77px|||||&#8221;][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.9.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;3_4,1_4&#8243; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.9.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; width=&#8221;93%&#8221; max_width=&#8221;1103px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;-24px||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;10px||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;11px||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;7px||||false|false&#8221; border_color_right=&#8221;#000000&#8243;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;3_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.9.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.9.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;|300|||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_letter_spacing=&#8221;0.1px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;1.4em&#8221; header_font=&#8221;|700|||||||&#8221; header_text_color=&#8221;#AADB24&#8243; header_font_size=&#8221;28px&#8221; header_2_text_color=&#8221;#5B8500&#8243; header_4_font=&#8221;Work Sans||||||||&#8221; header_4_text_color=&#8221;#92CC00&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;-26px|||||&#8221;]\n<h1><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marinrcd.org\/rural-roads\"><strong>Rural Roads: <\/strong><\/a><\/h1>\n<h2><strong>Stream Crossings<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Where a road crosses a natural watercourse, provision must be made to carry the water under or across the road. The selection of the best and most appropriate stream crossing design depends on a number of factors, and a poor design choice can result in a costly installation that is subject to failure and may cause significant environmental damage.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/> <\/span><b>Common features of stream crossings that lead to erosion problems include:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Filled crossings without culverts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Crossings with undersized culverts.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Crossings with culverts susceptible to being plugged.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Crossings with culvert outlet erosion.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Crossings with a potential for stream diversion.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Crossings that have<span>\u00a0<\/span><span>diverted streams.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.9.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#5B8500&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;13px&#8221; text_letter_spacing=&#8221;0.1px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;1em&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.marinrcd.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Stream_crossing_image.png\" width=\"720\" height=\"388\" alt=\"Culvert originally under a dirt road revealed after storm event. Shown from above, two people stand in the trench created, assessing the situation.\" class=\"wp-image-3938 alignnone size-full\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\" class=\"TextRun SCXW25206283 BCX0\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" lang=\"EN-US\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW25206283 BCX0\">This stream crossing washed out (eroded) when the culvert plugged and streamflow overtopped and scoured through the road fill. Sediment was delivered directly to the stream crossing as the fill eroded. Stream crossings and culverts need to be properly designed, constructed, and maintained to minimize the potential for such failures.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>(PWA)<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.9.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_4_text_color=&#8221;#5B8500&#8243; header_5_font=&#8221;|600|||||||&#8221; header_5_text_color=&#8221;#5B8500&#8243; header_5_font_size=&#8221;12px&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]\n<h4>Examples of properly designed stream crossings<\/h4>\n<h6>Culvert re-sizing:<\/h6>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.marinrcd.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Culvert_before-HANDBOOK.jpg\" width=\"380\" height=\"226\" alt=\"Two different-sized culverts pop out from the side bank of a road.  \" class=\"wp-image-4059 alignnone size-full\" \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.marinrcd.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Culvert_after-HANDBOOK.jpg\" width=\"377\" height=\"224\" alt=\"One much larger culvert is shown at the same location, this time with a clear view from one side of the road to another, showing how water can easily flow under the road through this larger culvert.\" class=\"wp-image-4058 alignnone size-full\" \/><\/p>\n<table width=\"709\" height=\"121\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 147px; text-align: left;\">\n<h5>Before:\u00a0Undersized, perched culvert on a fish bearing stream creating a fish passage barrier.<\/h5>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 147px; text-align: left;\">\n<h5>After:\u00a0<strong>Properly sized culvert to pass the 100-year design flow on a fish bearing stream that is installed inline with the natural channel gradient and natural gradient. The culvert is embedded into the streambed to allow fish passage at all stages. The greater than 2:1 slope outboard fillslope is armored with riprap.<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h5><\/h5>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h6>Bridge installation:<\/h6>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.marinrcd.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Bridge_before-scaled.jpg\" width=\"385\" height=\"289\" alt=\" A dirt road has a culvert under it, which seems dilapidated. \" class=\"wp-image-4057 alignnone size-full\" \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.marinrcd.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Bridge_after-scaled.jpg\" width=\"384\" height=\"288\" alt=\"The same road has converted the culvert stream crossing to a foot bridge, constructed out of wood, leaving plenty of space for the stream to flow.\" class=\"wp-image-4056 alignnone size-full\" \/><\/p>\n<table width=\"709\" height=\"67\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 146px;\">\n<h5><strong>Before:\u00a0Undersized culvert crossing with steep eroding fillslopes.<\/strong><\/h5>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 147px;\">\n<h5><strong>After:\u00a0During a road to trail conversion, this stream crossing was upgraded to a bridge crossing with the road fill removed and natural channel gradient restored.<\/strong><\/h5>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h5><\/h5>\n<h5><\/h5>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h6>Armored Fill:<\/h6>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.marinrcd.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Armored-fill_before-HANDBOOK.jpg\" width=\"383\" height=\"229\" alt=\"A dirt road has a culvert (that looks squashed) for a stream crossing zone. \" class=\"wp-image-4055 alignnone size-full\" \/>.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.marinrcd.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Armored-fill_after-HANDBOOK.jpg\" width=\"392\" height=\"234\" alt=\"The same road has been modified to have an armored fill at the stream crossing zone\u2014a dip that is covered by rocks which will still allow cars to pass even as the stream flows.\" class=\"wp-image-4054 alignnone size-full\" \/><\/p>\n<table width=\"309\" height=\"35\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 146px;\">\n<h5><strong>Before:\u00a0Undersized, perched culvert on an intermittent stream prone to inlet plugging and outlet erosion.\u00a0<\/strong><\/h5>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 147px;\">\n<h5><strong>After:\u00a0Armored fill crossing with enough capacity to pass the 100-year design flow without diverting. Some fill is left in the crossing so vehicles will have a level roadbed to cross the channel.<\/strong><\/h5>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h5><\/h5>\n<h5><\/h5>\n<h6><\/h6>\n<h6>Trash Rack:<\/h6>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.marinrcd.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/single-post-trash-rack.jpg\" width=\"717\" height=\"539\" alt=\"A foot away from the opening of a culvert, a simple metal pole about two feet tall is installed vertically, where the water flows out from the culvert.\" class=\"wp-image-4102 alignnone size-full\" \/><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A single post-trash rack installed slightly upstream of the culvert inlet to reduce plug potential.<\/span><\/h5>\n<h6><\/h6>\n<h6>Critical Dip:<\/h6>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.marinrcd.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Critical-dip-stream-crossing.png\" width=\"717\" height=\"478\" alt=\"A larger view of a dirt road shows a culvert (with an associated trash rack). About 5-10 feet up from the culvert, a critical dip (a literal dip in the road) has been installed to ensure the stream is not diverted in a storm\" class=\"wp-image-4103 alignnone size-full\" \/><\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<h5><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Culvert crossing installed at the base of fill with enough capacity to pass the 100-year design flow. In addition, a trash rack has been installed to prevent culvert plugging, and a critical dip has been added on the down-road hinge line of the fill, preventing stream diversion.<\/span><\/h5>\n[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.9.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; header_4_text_color=&#8221;#5B8500&#8243; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]\n<h4>Stream Crossing Decomissioning<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"NormalTextRun  BCX0 SCXW223063947\">Removing (decommissioning) a stream crossing involves excavating and removing all fill materials placed in the stream channel when the crossing was built. Fill material should be excavated to recreate the original channel grade (slope) and orientation, with a channel bed that is as wide, or slightly wider, than the original watercourse. If the channel<span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SpellingError  BCX0 SCXW223063947\">sideslopes<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun  BCX0 SCXW223063947\"><span>\u00a0<\/span>were disturbed, they should be graded (excavated) back to a stable angle (generally less than 50% (2:1)) to prevent slumping and soil movement. The bare soils should then be mulched, seeded and planted to minimize erosion until vegetation can protect the surface, and the approaching road segments should be cross-road drained to prevent road runoff from discharging across the freshly excavated channel<span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"SpellingError  BCX0 SCXW223063947\">sideslopes<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun  BCX0 SCXW223063947\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"NormalTextRun  BCX0 SCXW223063947\"><\/span><\/p>\n<h5><span class=\"NormalTextRun  BCX0 SCXW223063947\">Here is an example of decomissioning a stream crossing:<\/span><\/h5>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.marinrcd.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Decommission_before.jpg\" width=\"853\" height=\"570\" alt=\" In a forest, a team stands on the curve of a dirt road that looks degraded, with piles of cut-down vegetation (branches, logs, etc.).\" class=\"wp-image-4128 alignnone size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.marinrcd.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Decommission_before.jpg 853w, https:\/\/www.marinrcd.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Decommission_before-480x321.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 853px, 100vw\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"NormalTextRun  BCX0 SCXW223063947\">Before the decomissioning.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.marinrcd.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Decommission_during.jpg\" width=\"879\" height=\"587\" alt=\" In this image, the same site has been cleared of vegetation. The road surface looks smooth, and a back-hoe is building up the bank on the side of the road.  \" class=\"wp-image-4127 alignnone size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.marinrcd.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Decommission_during.jpg 879w, https:\/\/www.marinrcd.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Decommission_during-480x321.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 879px, 100vw\" \/><\/h4>\n<p><span>Once cleared, an excavator excavated the fill material and several dump trucks were used to endhaul spoil material to a nearby, stable disposal site.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.marinrcd.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Decommission_after.jpg\" width=\"903\" height=\"603\" alt=\"The steep banks next to the road are covered with straw and dead logs.  \" class=\"wp-image-4129 alignnone size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.marinrcd.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Decommission_after.jpg 903w, https:\/\/www.marinrcd.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Decommission_after-480x321.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 903px, 100vw\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span>The channel was excavated (exhumed), and the sideslopes were sloped back to stable angles, exposing several buried stumps that signaled the level of the original ground surface. The bare slopes were then seeded, mulched with straw, and planted with trees. All the logs visible on the right bank had been buried in the crossing fill. They were removed and placed on the final ground surface.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.marinrcd.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Decommission_4yrsafter.jpg\" width=\"867\" height=\"579\" alt=\"In the same steep bank area, vegetation has started to grow, and it no longer looks like it is under construction.\" class=\"wp-image-4130 alignnone size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.marinrcd.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Decommission_4yrsafter.jpg 867w, https:\/\/www.marinrcd.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Decommission_4yrsafter-480x321.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"auto, (min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 867px, 100vw\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span>Four years later, the site showed significant revegetation, and minimal channel adjustment (scour) or surface erosion.<\/span><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.9.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; header_4_text_color=&#8221;#5B8500&#8243;]\n<h4>What should I do about stream crossing problems?<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Contact the Marin RCD: call, email, or use the submission form in the sidebar of this page.<\/li>\n<li>Secure permits: This practice always requires permits.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marinrcd.org\/rural-roads\">Back to Rural Roads main page<\/a><\/h4>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.9.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.9.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;1.1em&#8221; header_2_text_color=&#8221;#5B8500&#8243; header_2_font_size=&#8221;22px&#8221;]\n<h2>Quick Links<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marinrcd.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Road-terminology-HANDBOOK-Steinfeld-et-al-2007-1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-0\" data-rl_title=\"\" data-rl_caption=\"\" title=\"\">Roads Terminology<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marinrcd.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/PWA_Typicals_Drawings.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Construction Typicals Drawings<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marinrcd.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Characteristics-of-storm-proofed-roads-Weaver-et-al.-2006.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Characteristics of Storm-Proofed Roads<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marinrcd.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Roads-Regulation-Info.docx-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Roads Regulations and Permits<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marinrcd.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/FishNet_4C-roads-manual.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Impacts to Salmonids<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marinrcd.org\/reference-library\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Useful Publications<\/a><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.9.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#AADB24&#8243; header_text_color=&#8221;#AADB24&#8243; header_2_text_align=&#8221;left&#8221; header_2_text_color=&#8221;#5B8500&#8243; header_2_font_size=&#8221;22px&#8221; min_height=&#8221;32px&#8221;]\n<h2>How can I get help?<\/h2>\n[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_contact_form captcha=&#8221;off&#8221; email=&#8221;marinrcd@marinrcd.org&#8221; title=&#8221;RCD staff can work with you to assess erosion sources, develop improvement plans, and oversee implementation. Cost-share for this service may be available or the RCD may perform work as %22fee-for-service.%22 Contact the RCD by submitting your information:&#8221; success_message=&#8221;Thank you for contacting Marin RCD! 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